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7217169 
Journal Article 
Piezoelectric Materials Used in Underwater Acoustic Transducers 
Li, H; Deng, ZD; Carlson, TJ; , 
2012 
1 
Sensor Letters
ISSN: 1546-198X 
AMER SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHERS 
VALENCIA 
679-697 
WOS:000309018700001 
Piezoelectric materials have been used in underwater acoustic transducers for nearly a century. In this paper, we review four different types of materials-piezoelectric ceramics, single crystals, composites, and polymers-which are currently widely used in underwater acoustic transducers. Piezoelectric ceramics, the most dominant material type, are used as single-phase materials or as one of the end members in composites. Piezoelectric single crystals offer outstanding electromechanical response but are limited in use by their manufacturing cost. Piezoelectric polymers provide excellent acoustic impedance matching and transducer fabrication flexibility, but their piezoelectric properties are not as good as those of ceramics and single crystals. Composites combine the merits of ceramics and polymers and are receiving increased attention. The typical structure and electromechanical properties of each of the four material types are introduced and discussed with respect to underwater acoustic transducer applications. Their advantages and disadvantages are summarized. Some of the critical design considerations when developing underwater acoustic transducers with these materials are also discussed.