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Journal Article 
In Vitro Recovery of Sufentanil, Midazolam, Propofol, and Methylprednisolone in Pediatric Cardiopulmonary Bypass Systems 
van Saet, A; Zeilmaker-Roest, GA; van Hoeven, MPJ; Koch, BCP; van Rosmalen, J; Kinzig, M; Sörgel, F; Wildschut, ED; Stolker, RJ; Tibboel, D; Bogers, AJJC 
2020 
Yes 
Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia
ISSN: 1053-0770
EISSN: 1532-8422 
34 
4 
972-980 
English 
31561985 
WOS:000520947600021 
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate in vitro drug recovery in cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) systems used for pediatric cardiac surgery.

DESIGN: Observational in vitro study.

SETTING: Single-center university hospital.

PARTICIPANTS: In vitro CPB systems used for pediatric cardiac surgery.

INTERVENTIONS: Three full neonatal, infant, and pediatric CPB systems were primed according to hospital protocol and kept running for 6 hours. Midazolam, propofol, sufentanil, and methylprednisolone were added to the venous side of the systems in doses commonly used for induction of general anesthesia. Blood samples were taken from the postoxygenator side of the circuit immediately after injection of the drugs and after 2, 5, 7, 10, 30, 60, 180, and 300 minutes.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Linear mixed model analyses were performed to assess the relationship between log-transformed drug concentration (dependent variable) and type of CPB system and sample time point (independent variables). The mean percentage of drug recovery after 60 and 180 minutes compared with T1 was 41.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] 35.9-47.4) and 23.0% (95% CI 9.2-36.8) for sufentanil, 87.3% (95% CI 64.9-109.7) and 82.0% (95% CI 64.6-99.4) for midazolam, 41.3% (95% CI 15.5-67.2) and 25.0% (95% CI 4.7-45.3) for propofol, and 119.3% (95% CI 101.89-136.78) and 162.0% (95% CI 114.09-209.91) for methylprednisolone, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS: The present in vitro experiment with neonatal, infant, and pediatric CPB systems shows a variable recovery of routinely used drugs with significant differences between drugs, but not between system categories (with the exception of propofol). The decreased recovery of mainly sufentanil and propofol could lead to suboptimal dosing of patients during cardiac surgery with CPB.