Health & Environmental Research Online (HERO)


Print Feedback Export to File
7334596 
Book/Book Chapter 
Scientific Misconduct, Plagiarism, and Institutional Control of Misconduct 
Kalleberg, R 
2015 
Elsevier Inc. 
International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences: Second Edition 
313-317 
English 
Scientific misconduct refers to fraud, to serious violations of the internal research ethical norms related to the truth-commitment of science. The three most common examples used to illustrate such misconduct, are fabrication of fictitious data, falsification of data and methods, and plagiarism. The next section is focused on the historical emergence of modern research ethics in early modernity, as an integrated element in the scientific revolution. Robert Merton labeled this system of values and norms "the ethos of science. As aset of institutional imperatives it has perhaps been the most efficient system of internal self-control invented in the modern world. The last section deals with developments in research ethics after World War II. Before World War II institutional control of misconduct was informal, based on the self-correcting power of individuals and groups. Today the traditional system of self-regulation is more explicitly cultivated and supervised, complemented with procedures and committees on higher levels, such as at the level of organizations. The task of new procedures and institutions is to comple guard, control, stimulate and further develop traditional self-regulation, not to replace it. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 
Ethos of science; Fabrication of data; Falsification of data and methods; Institutional misconduct; Plagiarism; Research ethics; Robert Merton; Scientific misconduct; Self-regulation; Social norms; Sociological imagination