Seo, YJ; Kim, KJ; Choi, J; Koh, EJ; Lee, BY
Obesity predisposes animals towards the metabolic syndrome and diseases such as type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease. Spirulina maxima is a microalga with anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, and neuroprotective activities, but the anti-obesity effect of Spirulina maxima 70% ethanol extract (SM70EE) has not yet been fully established. We investigated the effect of SM70EE on adipogenesis, lipogenesis, and browning using in vitro and in vivo obesity models. SM70EE treatment reduced lipid droplet accumulation by the oil red O staining method and downregulated the adipogenic proteins C/EBPα, PPARγ, and aP2, and the lipogenic proteins SREBP1, ACC, FAS, LPAATβ, Lipin1, and DGAT1 by western blot analysis. In addition, the index components of SM70EE, chlorophyll a, and C-phycocyanin, reduced adipogenesis and lipogenesis protein levels in 3T3-L1 and C3H10T1/2 cells. High-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice administered with SM70EE demonstrated smaller adipose depots and lower blood lipid concentrations than control HFD-fed mice. The lower body mass gain in treated SM70EE-administrated mice was associated with lower protein expression of adipogenesis factors and higher expression of AMPKα-induced adipose browning proteins PRDM16, PGC1α, and UCP1. SM70EE administration ameliorates obesity, likely by reducing adipogenesis and activating the thermogenic program, in 3T3-L1 cells and HFD-induced obese mice. © 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
3T3-L1 cells; Adipogenesis; Browning; HFD-induced obese mice; Obesity; Spirulina maxima; acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase; adipocyte protein 2; CCAAT enhancer binding protein alpha; chlorophyll a; diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1; Fas ligand; lipin1; lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase beta; membrane protein; peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma; peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma coactivator 1alpha; phycocyanin; PRDM16 protein; Spirulina extract; sterol regulatory element binding protein 1; unclassified drug; uncoupling protein 1; antiobesity agent; fat droplet; lipid; adipogenesis; animal cell; animal experiment; animal model; animal tissue; Article; cell differentiation; cellviability assay; controlled study; cytotoxicity; glycation; lipid diet; lipogenesis; male; mouse; MTT assay; nonhuman; obesity; Western blotting; 3T3-L1 cell line; adipogenesis; animal; blood; body weight gain; brown adipocyte; chemistry; disease model; dose response; drug effect; energy metabolism; Institute for Cancer Research mouse; isolation and purification; metabolism; obesity; pathology; pathophysiology; Spirulina; thermogenesis; time factor; white adipocyte; 3T3-L1 Cells; Adipocytes, Brown; Adipocytes, White; Adipogenesis; Adiposity; Animals; Anti-Obesity Agents; Diet, High-Fat; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Energy Metabolism; Lipid Droplets; Lipids; Lipogenesis; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Obesity; Spirulina; Thermogenesis; Time Factors; Weight Gain