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735898 
Journal Article 
Numerical modeling and simulation on the swallowing of jelly 
Mizunuma, H; Sonomura, M; Shimokasa, K; Ogoshi, H; Nakamura, S; Tayama, N 
2009 
Yes 
Journal of Texture Studies
ISSN: 0022-4901 
40 
4 
406-426 
English 
Studies of the swallowing process are especially important for the development of care foods for dysphagia. However, the effectiveness of experiments on human subjects is somewhat limited due to instrument resolution, stress to the subjects and the risk of aspiration. These problems may be resolved if numerical simulation of swallowing can be used as an alternative investigative tool. On this basis, a numerical model is proposed to simulate the swallowing of a simple jelly bolus. The structure of the pharynx was modeled using a finite element method, and the swallowing movements were defined by pharynx posterior wall shift, laryngeal elevation and epiglottis retroflexion. The rheological characteristics of the jelly were investigated using an oscillatory rheometer and a compression test. A Maxwell three-element model was applied to the rheological model of the jelly. The model constants were obtained from compression tests because the mode of deformation and the stress level of the compression tests were similar to those of the swallowed jelly. The frictional relationship between the organs and the jelly was estimated experimentally from some frictional measurements between the jelly and a wet sloping surface. The results of the simulations for the soft and hard jellies showed different patterns of swallowing that depended on their hardness, and the soft jelly produced faster swallowing because of its flexibility. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The object of this study is to develop a numerical simulation model of swallowing. Numerical modeling is suitable for the quantitative analysis of the swallowing process and may also be expected to enable a systematic study of care foods that are safe and offer some degree of comfort to patients suffering from swallowing disorders. The computer simulation can be used for evaluation without dangerous risks to the patient. 
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