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7419619 
Journal Article 
Sources and Properties of BPA 
Zielińska, M; Wojnowska-Baryła, I; Cydzik-Kwiatkowska, A; , 
2019 
Springer International Publishing 
Cham 
Bisphenol A Removal from Water and Wastewater 
3-28 
BPA was first synthesized by Aleksandr P. Dianin in 1891 and was investigated for potential commercial use in the 1930s during a search for synthetic estrogens. In the 1940s and 50s, uses for BPA were identified in the plastics industry. The sources of BPA pollution in the environment and human surroundings include not only accidental spills and industrial wastes and effluents, but also many diffuse sources, including many common and household products. BPA concentrations are generally lower than 1 µg/L in aquatic environments; however, they are often two to three orders of magnitude higher in industrial effluents. Exposure to BPA has been associated with various negative health effects, including effects on reproduction and development, although its low-dose toxicity is still controversial. At this time, it is unknown which sources of BPA exposure contribute most to total exposure levels.