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7433843 
Journal Article 
Pathology of Breast Cancer 
Tuzlali, S; Yavuz, E; , 
2019 
Springer International Publishing 
Cham 
Breast Cancer 
125-150 
Histopathologically, breast carcinoma can be simply divided into two major categories based on the involvement of the ductal-lobular system of the breast. Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is characterized by the neoplastic proliferation of epithelial cells confined to the ductal-lobular system of the breast without evidence of invasion through the basement membrane into the surrounding stroma. Most cases of DCIS are positive for estrogen receptor (ER). ER expression correlates with the grade of DCIS. The entire spectrum of atypical epithelial lesions originating in the terminal ductal-lobular unit (TDLU) of the breast, characterized by the proliferation of generally small, dyscohesive cells, is called lobular neoplasia (LN). When more than half of the acini of a lobular unit are distended and distorted, the lesion is called lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS). Invasive carcinomas can broadly be divided into two categories: invasive carcinoma of no special type (NST) and special subtypes. NST is the most common type of invasive breast cancer and represents up to 75% of all cases in published series. Terms such as infiltrating ductal carcinoma and invasive ductal carcinoma, not otherwise specified (NOS), are also used. A tumor should be called invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) NST if it cannot be categorized as one of the special or rare types.