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7436222 
Journal Article 
Brain Studies: Trans Persons and Fish 
Brakel, LAW; , 
2020 
Springer International Publishing 
Cham 
Investigations into the Trans Self and Moore's Paradox 
119-140 
Brain studies done in the last 25 years comparing Trans- and Cis-participants are reviewed. The research ranges over different brain areas and structures, with different investigations employing different measures. Strengths and weaknesses of the studies are highlighted. Three important issues emerge as the research progresses. Initially there was a search for brain-based etiologies for the Trans phenomenon. The next phase emphasized tracts and network differences, which in principle, can either bring about, or result from living a Trans experience. And, finally there are two issues more currently investigated: (1) the question of primary brain causes vs. epigenetic brain effects, and (2) the possibility of a new ontological trans phenotype. Studies of sex-changing fish (particularly one from Rhodes and colleagues [2019]) provide proof-of-concept.