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7456189 
Book/Book Chapter 
Chapter 40 - Superoxide dismutase as a measure of antioxidant status and its application to diabetes 
Omoruyi, F; Sparks, J; Stennett, D; Dilworth, L 
2020 
Academic Press 
Diabetes (Second Edition) 
409-417 
Diabetes mellitus is a complex disorder of deranged carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It may be classified as type 1, type 2, or gestational, all associated with diminished insulin production, secretion, or activity. Any mechanism that leads to hypoinsulinemia results in suppression of enzyme activities related to glycolysis, lipogenesis, and the pentose phosphate pathways while promoting gluconeogenic, glycogenolytic, and lipolytic enzyme activities. Oxidative stress perpetuated by free radical production is vital in the pathogenesis of diabetes. The combination of increased ROS and inflammatory markers results in cellular damage, especially of pancreatic beta cells, along with tissue and end-organ damage. Highly reactive superoxide radicals are routinely produced by cells and detoxified by superoxide dismutase (SOD). Alternatively, low SOD levels and other antioxidant enzymes predispose tissues to pathological damage resulting from oxidative stress. The effectiveness of SOD as an antioxidant makes it useful in treating diabetes by enhancing pancreatic beta cell antioxidant capacity. 
Antioxidant enzymes; diabetes mellitus; inflammatory markers; lipid-peroxidation; reactive oxygen species; superoxide dismutase 
Preedy, Victor R.