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7456472 
Book/Book Chapter 
Carbamate Pesticides 
Gupta, RC 
2014 
Elsevier 
Encyclopedia of Toxicology: Third Edition 
661-664 
English 
Carbamate compounds are esters of carbamic acid that are commonly used as insecticides. These compounds are referred to as N-methylcarbamates. Derivatives of carbamic acid, thiocarbamic acid, and dithiocarbamic acid are used as herbicides. When used properly, carbamate pesticides offer significant benefits to society, as they protect and increase agricultural production, as well as protect human and animal health from insect-vector-mediated diseases. However, overexposure of humans and animals to these pesticides often results in poisonings. N-methylcarbamate insecticides produce their toxicity by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase enzyme. As a result, the toxic signs are of hypercholinergic activity. Carbamate-induced excitotoxicity also involves hyperactivation of N-methyl- d-aspartate receptors. Humans and animals poisoned with carbamates usually recover within 6-24 h. Treatment rests with atropine sulfate. Carbamate herbicides are of low mammalian toxicity. © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 
Anticholinesterases; Carbamate herbicides; Carbamate insecticides; Carbamate pesticides; Carbaryl; Carbofuran; Cholinesterase inhibitors; Dithiocarbamates; Methomyl; Thiocarbamates 
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