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7457483 
Journal Article 
Review 
On the origins and biosynthesis of tetrodotoxin 
Chau, R; Kalaitzis, JA; Neilan, BA 
2011 
Yes 
Aquatic Toxicology
ISSN: 0166-445X
EISSN: 1879-1514 
104 
1-2 
61-72 
English 
21543051 
WOS:000292949700008 
The potent neurotoxin tetrodotoxin (TTX) has been identified from taxonomically diverse marine organisms. TTX possesses a unique cage-like structure, however, its biosynthesis has yet to be elucidated. Biosynthetic studies in the TTX-producing newt Taricha torosa, and in bacterial genera, including Vibrio, have proven inconclusive. Indeed, very few studies have been performed that address the cellular production of TTX. Here we review the sources of TTX described to date and provide evidence for the biosynthesis of TTX by symbiotic microorganisms in higher taxa. Chemical and genetic based biosynthesis studies of TTX undertaken thus far are discussed and we outline approaches which may be useful for expanding upon the current body of knowledge. The complex biosynthesis of structurally similar toxins, that reveal clues into the biosynthetic pathway of TTX, is also presented. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. 
Amidinotransferase; Non-ribosomal peptide; Polyketide; Tetrodotoxin (TTX); Toxin biosynthesis; amidinotransferase; cylindrospermopsin; guanidine; peptide synthase; saxitoxin; tetrodotoxin; bacterium; marine ecosystem; microorganism; peptide; toxin; bacterial gene; feeding; food contamination; newt; nonhuman; priority journal; puffer fish; review; symbiont; toxin analysis; toxin structure; toxin synthesis; Vibrio; Amidinotransferases; Animals; Bacteria; Molecular Structure; Salamandridae; Tetrodotoxin; Bacteria (microorganisms); Salamandridae; Taricha torosa; Vibrio 
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