US EPA

7463560 

Journal Article 

Poisoning by pesticides 

Eddleston, M 

2020 

1 

Medicine - U K Edition
ISSN: 1357-3039 

Elsevier Ltd 

48 

3 

214-217 

English 

10.1016/j.mpmed.2019.12.019 

Over 150,000 people die each year from pesticide poisoning. Most deaths result from self-poisoning by ingestion, rather than occupational or accidental exposures, which are typically topical or inhalational. Severe pesticide poisoning is more common in rural lower- and middle-income countries where pesticides are widely used in smallholder agricultural practice and therefore freely available. Significant acute poisoning is much less common in industrialized countries; here it is the long-term effects of low-dose chronic exposure that most concern the population. Poisoning from organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides causes most severe cases and deaths, although numbers are falling as the most highly toxic compounds are withdrawn from agricultural practice. Severe organophosphorus poisoning requires urgent resuscitation and administration of oxygen, atropine and oximes. Paraquat and aluminium phosphide are major problems in some countries, with case fatality usually >50% and no effective treatments. Newer pesticides that have become widely used over the last 30 years, for example glyphosate and the neonicotinoid and phenylpyrazole insecticides, are more selective in their toxicity to pests, resulting in far less acute human toxicity and few deaths. Acute poisoning with these pesticides usually requires only careful supportive care. © 2019 

Aluminium phosphide; atropine; carbamates; MRCP; neonicotinoids; organochlorine insecticides; organophosphorus insecticides; oximes; paraquat; solvents; acetylcholinesterase; activated carbon; aluminum phosphide; antidote; atropine; carbamate insecticide; diazepam; diquat; glyphosate; herbicide; immunosuppressive agent; infusion fluid; insecticide; neonicotinoid; obidoxime; organochlorine derivative; organophosphate insecticide; organophosphate pesticide; oxime; oxygen; paraquat; permethrin; pesticide; phenylpyrazole insecticide; pralidoxime; rodenticide; solvent; unclassified drug; cardiogenic shock; case fatality rate; clinical feature; death; decontamination; developed country; fluid therapy; human; immunosuppressive treatment; intoxication; long term care; middle income country; occupational exposure; occupational toxicology; organophosphate poisoning; oxygen therapy; paraquat poisoning; pest organism; priority journal; resuscitation; Review; self poisoning; stomach lavage