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7482348 
Journal Article 
Lung Cancer: Molecular Markers of Occupational Carcinogens 
Nymark, PEH; Anttila, S; , 
2020 
Springer International Publishing 
Cham 
Occupational Cancers 
227-238 
English 
32875453 
WOS:000565202100002 
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are carcinogenic compounds which are emitted through incomplete combustion of organic materials, fossil fuels, consumption of processed meat, smoked food, and from various industrial activities. High molecular mass and mobility make PAHs widespread and lethal for human health. A cellular system in human detoxifies these toxicants through specialized enzymatic machinery called xenobiotic-metabolizing (CYP450) and phase-II (GSTs) enzymes (XMEs). These metabolizing enzymes include cytochromes P450 family (CYP1, CYP2), glutathione s-transferases, and ALDHs. Gene polymorphisms in XMEs encoding genes can compromise their metabolizing capacity to detoxify ingested carcinogens (PAHs etc.) that may lead to prolong and elevated exposure to ingested toxicants and may consequently lead to cancer. Moreover, PAHs can induce cancer through reprograming XMEs' gene functions by altering their epigenetic markers. This review article discusses possible interplay between individual's gene polymorphism in XMEs' genes, their altered epigenetic markers, and exposure to PAHs in cancer susceptibility in Pakistan. 
Asbestos; Biomarkers; Chromosomal aberrations; Epigenetic changes; Gene copy number profiling; Gene expression profiling; Genomics; Molecular markers; Occupational lung cancer