US EPA

7683379 

Journal Article 

Investigative consequence analysis: A case study research of beirut explosion accident 

Sivaraman, S; Varadharajan, S; , 

2021 

Yes 

Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries
ISSN: 0950-4230 

ELSEVIER SCI LTD 

OXFORD 

69 

104387 

English 

10.1016/j.jlp.2020.104387 

WOS:000624135800006 

https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0950423020306744
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Around 15:00 GMT on August 4th, an explosion occurred in the warehouse facility storing Ammonium Nitrate (AN) at Beirut port, Lebanon. The explosion resulted in more than 178 fatalities and injured more than 6500 people, and also left an estimated 300,000 people homeless and registered as an equivalent to a 3.3 magnitude earth quake. The accident was considered to be the largest of its kind and the most severe anthropological disaster of the decade, the financial loss the nation was subjected to post the explosion was estimated to be around $ 15 billion as informed by the governor. The storage conditions of ammonium nitrate at Beirut port is not definitively known to anyone, and there is no documentation provided so far from the authorities regarding the same. This work focuses on the investigation & consequence analysis of the explosion using TNT equivalent approach. The overpressure and the impulse obtained from TNT calculations are used in probit models to assess the damages caused on human beings and structures. The results obtained in this investigative approach are then utilized to provide an analytical inference relative to the damage proxy map reported by the advance rapid imaging analysis team from NASA. Also, this work examines the existing standards, fire safety measures and legal regulations for ammonium nitrate facilities in the region. AN explosion during storage like other fire and explosion accidents are definitely preventable owing to the technological advancements and developments to prevent or extinguish controllable fires. The significance of this work relates to the methods for calculation of consequences of explosion that are happening due to the storage of highly hazardous explosive materials in excessive quantities and insists the necessity of incorporating adequate safety measures while storing such reactive and hazardous materials. 

Accident investigation; Ammonium nitrate; Consequence analysis; Explosion; Lebanon; Probit models; TNT equivalency