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7760761 
Journal Article 
Biological Properties and Applications of Betalains 
Sadowska-Bartosz, IB 
2021 
26 
9 
English 
Betalains are water-soluble pigments present in vacuoles of plants of the order Caryophyllales and in mushrooms of the genera Amanita, Hygrocybe and Hygrophorus. Betalamic acid is a constituent of all betalains. The type of betalamic acid substituent determines the class of betalains. The betacyanins (reddish to violet) contain a cyclo-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (cyclo-DOPA) residue while the betaxanthins (yellow to orange) contain different amino acid or amine residues. The most common betacyanin is betanin (Beetroot Red), present in red beets Beta vulgaris, which is a glucoside of betanidin. The structure of this comprehensive review is as follows: Occurrence of Betalains; Structure of Betalains; Spectroscopic and Fluorescent Properties; Stability; Antioxidant Activity; Bioavailability, Health Benefits; Betalains as Food Colorants; Food Safety of Betalains; Other Applications of Betalains; and Environmental Role and Fate of Betalains. 
Antioxidants chemistry; Antioxidants pharmacology; Betalains chemistry; Betalains pharmacology; Biological Availability; Biological Products chemistry; Biological Products pharmacology; Chemical Phenomena; Coloring Agents chemistry; Coloring Agents pharmacology; Food Coloring Agents; Food Safety; Molecular Structure; Phytochemicals chemistry; Pigments; Biological; Spectrum Analysis; Structure-Activity Relationship; Index Medicus