Coastal communities in the Gulf of Mexico have suffered many disasters making them vulnerable. Due the diversity of the ecosystem, the coastal population depend on it heavily as a mainstay. Environmental challenges have threatened the coast (hurricanes, oil spills explosions, erosion, sea level rise, climate change, urbanization, storm surge) over the years. The Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill incident was the largest Oil spill in the history of the U.S that impacted heavily the coastal areas resulting to huge losses. The need arises to identify social and economic threats to reduce vulnerability and losses from unprecedented disasters. The research seeks to find out if there are risks attributed to socioeconomic vulnerability from Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill. To determine these risks the study examines and investigates coastal counties’ vulnerability, the relationship between social and economic factors of vulnerability and oil spill resource damages. The research uses 16 coastal counties from Alabama, Louisiana and Mississippi as the case study. The research assesses the risks from the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill. The aim of the study is to conduct and provide a quantitative process to determine 1) what counties are at risks and rank them 2) compare social vulnerability index before and after the oil spill and determine if there is a difference, 3) if there is a relationship between social vulnerability index and oil spill resource damages, 4) determine if vulnerability increased statistically and where and if it worsened vulnerability, and 5) if there is a relationship/association between vulnerability and oil spill resource damages and ascertain if vulnerability increased statistically/worsened after the oil spill. Demographic and socioeconomic data before (2009) and after (2010 to 2014) is collected to address socioeconomic vulnerability. Vulnerability data are downloaded from the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, U.S Census Bureau (American fact finder) at both census tract and county level, secondary data, and survey instrument (questionnaires) were administered to coastal residents to compliment the primary data. Social Vulnerability Index data used include: Poverty, Unemployment, Income, Education, Minority/Language, Housing/Transportation and Vulnerable Age group (17 years & under and 65 years & above) and Bureau of Ocean Energy Enforcement Management. To assess the association between the oil spill and social vulnerability the research uses statistical analysis via Statistical Package Social Science to analyze the primary and secondary data. Geographic Information System is used to present spatially the vulnerability before and after the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill of the coastal counties. This determines change, level of vulnerability and shows the ranking for the coastal counties. The dependent variable is Socioeconomic Vulnerability Index and the independent variables include both Oil Spill Resource Damages data. A new model is developed called Socioeconomic Vulnerability Index (SVI) model to determine and test if vulnerability is affected from Oil Spill Resource Damages in the coastal counties. The SVI model uses social and economic indicators related to exposure, coping capacity, resilience and resource damages costs to ascertain the association between vulnerability and oil spill resource damages. The result of the survey on from coastal resident’s responses is added for qualitative discussions in the research. A multi- linear regression analysis is used to regress the oil spill resource damages against the vulnerability data to measure the change and risks. The results from the study show high vulnerability risks in five counties (Terrebonne, Mobile, Iberia, Orleans and St Mary’s Parish) and seven increased statistically in (Baldwin, Jefferson, St. Mary, Terrebonne, Vermilion, Hancock and Harrison) mainly from the state of Louisiana. The regression analysis result of the model predicts a significant coastal vulnerability with oil spill resource damages. It concludes that there is an association, with a significant impact from Tourism/Travel employment and distance from the oil spill to the coastal counties. The findings can assist to formulate new strategies to reduce risks. The study provides recommendations that will benefit everyone and allow planners and policy makers manage vulnerability. In all of this, contingency planning and enforcement are key elements and will help prevent and reduce risks, protect, allow allocation of appropriate resources for coastal counties that are most vulnerable from disaster.