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8019467 
Journal Article 
Determination of ppb levels of metals in water by XRF 
Driscoll, JN 
2002 
Yes 
American Laboratory
ISSN: 0044-7749 
34 
6 
16-+ 
English 
WOS:000175031900003 
The major barrier to the use of x-ray fluorescence (XRF) for water analysis is that detection limits are in the low ppm range and the concentrations found in surface or groundwater are at ppb levels. The sample has to be concentrated by 100-to 1000-fold in order to detect ppb-level concentrations. This paper evaluates various ion exchange (IE) methods for sample concentration in order to make XRF technology applicable to measurement of ppb levels of metals in ground or surface water.