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8666477 
Journal Article 
Effect of plasticity in hatching on duration as a precompetent swimming larva in the nudibranch Phestilla sibogae 
Strathmann, RR; Strathmann, MF; Ruiz-Jones, G; Hadfield, MG 
2010 
Yes 
Invertebrate Biology
ISSN: 1077-8306 
129 
4 
309-318 
WOS:000284431900003 
Plasticity in hatching can balance risks of benthic and pelagic development and thereby affect the extent of larval dispersal. Veligers of the nudibranch Phestilla sibogae hatched from their individual capsules if the encapsulated embryos were scattered from a torn gelatinous egg ribbon. Hatching occurred as early as day 4 at 23 degrees-25 degrees C. The early hatchlings lacked a propodium, swam, and were not yet competent to settle and metamorphose. Hatching may be induced by predation: crabs consumed egg ribbons, and a portunid crab, caught in the act of tearing an egg ribbon, scattered encapsulated embryos. Undisturbed egg masses hatched as late as 9-11 d at 23 degrees-25 degrees C, or as early as 8 d in a trial at 26 degrees C. Late hatchlings had a well-developed propodium, and 20-100% metamorphosed within a day of exposure to the inducer from the nudibranch"s coral prey. A few metamorphosed nudibranchs were found within hatching egg masses. Thus, the veligers can hatch so late that many are competent to metamorphose or so early that the obligate planktonic period can last 4 or more days. An attack by a predator means the benthic habitat is dangerous for the embryos, and swimming is presumably the safer option. In the absence of disturbance, the veligers hatch when ready or nearly ready to settle. 
metamorphosis; planktonic; risk; settlement