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8732924 
Journal Article 
An overview on alternative binders for flexible pavement 
Aziz, MMA; Rahman, MT; Hainin, MR; Bakar, WAWA 
2015 
Yes 
Construction and Building Materials
ISSN: 0950-0618
EISSN: 1879-0526 
84 
315-319 
English 
WOS:000354001600036 
Bitumen (asphalt) is viscoelastic, rheological and non-magnetic material composed of heavy hydrocarbons with low dielectric constant (ε′). It is a by-product of petroleum oil refinery. Though it is used as a binder for flexible pavement all over the world, it has severe environmental impacts. Bitumen is non-hazardous at room temperature but when heated at 165-200 °C, it becomes toxic. Consequences, such as environmental degradation, depleting petroleum reserves and price-spiking, led researchers to explore alternative sources of obtaining binder for pavement. This paper provides an overview of the probable materials that could be used as an alternative binder. The materials obtained from bio-based sources, such as bio-oil, polymer, plastic, rubber and waste cooking oil and retrieved from waste material show promise and discussed. Further research is needed to make them satisfactory replacement of bitumen on an industrial scale, and be a sustainable source of binder for flexible pavement. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 
Alternative binder; Bio-oil Waste material; Bitumen; Hazardous material; Sustainability