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9803633 
Journal Article 
Review 
Ethnic differences in the clinical presentation of Graves' ophthalmopathy 
Chng, CL; Seah, LL; Khoo, DH 
2012 
Yes 
Best Practice and Research: Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
ISSN: 1521-690X
EISSN: 1532-1908 
26 
3 
249-258 
English 
22632362 
Ethnic differences in a number of eye conditions have been described. The literature on ethnic differences in Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) is limited. There is some evidence to suggest Asian patients with GO may manifest milder phenotypic features of GO, with less proptosis and evidence of extraocular muscle involvement and restriction. The reasons for these differences are likely to be multifactorial and include orbital and lid anatomy, genetic background and autoimmune responses including TSH -receptor antibodies. These differences should be kept in mind when evaluating and managing patients with GO.