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9893517 
Journal Article 
Immunoregulatory disorders associated with hereditary angioedema. I. Clinical manifestations of autoimmune disease 
Brickman, CM; Tsokos, GC; Balow, JE; Lawley, TJ; Santaella, M; Hammer, CH; Frank, MM 
1986 
Yes 
Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
ISSN: 0091-6749
EISSN: 1097-6825 
77 
5 
749-757 
English 
3084606 
Occasional reports have appeared linking hereditary angioedema (HAE) with autoimmune diseases. We have systematically evaluated 157 patients for manifestations of autoimmunity. Nineteen of these patients (12%) had clinical immunoregulatory diseases including glomerulonephritis (five patients), Sjögren's syndrome (three), inflammatory bowel disease (three), thyroiditis (two), systemic lupus erythematosus (one), drug-induced lupus (one), rheumatoid arthritis (one), juvenile rheumatoid arthritis with IgA deficiency (one), incipient pernicious anemia (one), and sicca syndrome (one). All eight patients with HAE who developed an autoimmune disease with a known human histocompatibility antigen association developed a disease associated with their histocompatibility antigen haplotype (p = 0.014). Although only four patients developed Sjögren's syndrome or sicca syndrome, an additional nine manifested part of the sicca complex. We also found patients with HAE with features suggestive of an immune-based abnormality. These features included idiopathic pancreatitis (three patients), Raynaud's disease (two), partial lipodystrophy (one), chronic chorioretinitis (one), and alopecia universalis (one).