Prevalence of kidney dysfunction in humans - relationship to cadmium dose, metallothionein, immunological and metabolic factors | Health & Environmental Research Online (HERO)

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Citation
Tags

HERO ID

1028992

Reference Type

Journal Article

Subtype

Review

Title

Prevalence of kidney dysfunction in humans - relationship to cadmium dose, metallothionein, immunological and metabolic factors

Author(s)

Nordberg, GF; Jin, T; Wu, X; Lu, J; Chen, L; Lei, L; Hong, F; Nordberg, M

Year

2009

Is Peer Reviewed?

Yes

Journal

Biochimie
ISSN: 0300-9084
EISSN: 1638-6183

Volume

Issue

Page Numbers

1282-1285

Language

English

PMID

19563860

DOI

10.1016/j.biochi.2009.06.014

Web of Science Id

WOS:000270636500013

Abstract

Long term cadmium (Cd) exposure in occupational and general environments may give rise to kidney dysfunction. This effect is usually considered to be the critical effect, i. e. the effect that occurs at relatively low level of exposure. The present review focused on studies of the prevalence of cadmium-related kidney dysfunction among population groups residing in cadmium contaminated areas in China. Dose-response relationships were shown between UCd and the prevalence of increased levels of biomarkers in urine of renal tubular dysfunction such as urinary beta-2-microglobulin or N-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase - NAG or urinary albumin, a biomarker of glomerular kidney dysfunction. Factors that influence these dose-response relationships include: 1) Metallothionein mRNA levels in peripheral blood lymphocytes, used as a biomarker of the ability of each person, to synthesize metallothionein (a protein known to provide intracellular protection against cadmium toxicity). 2) The occurrence of increased levels in blood plasma of autoantibodies against metallothionein. 3) Concomitant changes in glucose metabolism i e Type II diabetes. 4) Concomitant exposure to other nephrotoxic agents such as inorganic arsenic. Increased susceptibility in diabetics has been shown also in population groups in Europe. In persons with type II diabetes and increased levels of autoantibodies against metallothionein in blood plasma or in persons with concomitant exposure to environmental inorganic arsenic, indications of Cd-related kidney dysfunction was observed at UCd levels around 1 microg/g creatinine, levels found among "unexposed" population groups in many countries.

Keywords

Cadmium; Kidney disease; Human health; Diabetes; Metallothionein