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1153257 
Book/Book Chapter 
New catalysts for the conversion of urea into carbamates and carbonates with C1 and C2 alcohols 
Aresta, M; Dibenedetto, A; Devita, C; Bourova, OA; Chpakhin, ON 
2004 
1 
Studies in surface science and catalysis
ISSN: 0167-2991 
Elsevier Inc. 
STUDIES IN SURFACE SCIENCE AND CATALYSIS 
153 
213-220 
English 
The use of urea as an active form of carbon dioxide is a way to substitute phosgene in the chemical industry. This approach is particularly useful when the synthesis of urethanes or organic carbonates is considered. So far, only long chain alcohols have been successfully used in such reactions. In this paper, new catalysts are described that are able to convert urea into carbamates and carbonates, using either methanol or ethanol to afford dimethyl- and diethylcarbonate, respectively. In the best conditions, 92% conversion of urea into carbamate has been observed, using either methanol or ethanol. The resulting urethanes can be further converted into the relevant carbonates in a second step. The two step reaction reveals to be particularly useful as it makes easier the separation process. 
alcohol; alcohol derivative; carbamic acid derivative; carbonic acid; methanol; organic carbon; phosgene; urea; urethan derivative; catalyst; chemical industry; chemical reaction kinetics; clinical research; conference paper; reaction analysis; separation technique; substitution reaction; synthesis; thermodynamics 
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