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2846612 
Journal Article 
Reactive Oxygen Species: Physiological Roles in the Regulation of Vascular Cells 
Vara, D; Pula, G 
2014 
Yes 
Current Molecular Medicine
ISSN: 1566-5240
EISSN: 1875-5666 
14 
9 
1103-1125 
English 
24894168 
WOS:000345223700001 
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are now appreciated to play several important roles in a number of biological processes and regulate cell physiology and function. ROS are a heterogeneous chemical class that includes radicals, such as superoxide ion (O-2(center dot-)), hydroxyl radical (OH center dot) and nitric oxide (NO center dot), and non-radicals, such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), singlet oxygen (O-1(2)), hypochlorous acid (HOCl), and peroxynitrite (NO3-). In the cardiovascular system, besides playing a critical role in the development and progression of vasculopathies and other important pathologies such as congestive heart failure, atherosclerosis and thrombosis, ROS also regulate physiological processes. Evidence from a wealth of cardiovascular research studies suggests that ROS act as second messengers and play an essential role in vascular homeostasis by influencing discrete signal transduction pathways in various systems and cell types. They are produced throughout the vascular system, regulate differentiation and contractility of vascular smooth muscle cells, control vascular endothelial cell proliferation and migration, mediate platelet activation and haemostasis, and significantly contribute to the immune response. Our understanding of ROS chemistry and cell biology has evolved to the point of realizing that different ROS have distinct and important roles in cardiovascular physiology. This review will outline sources, functions and molecular mechanisms of action of different ROS in the cardiovascular system and will describe their emerging role in healthy cardiovascular physiology and homeostasis. 
Cardiovascular system; endothelial; hydrogen peroxide; platelet; reactive oxygen species; redox; smooth muscle; superoxide anion 
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