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3114814 
Book/Book Chapter 
Volume 1: Conifers: Abies balsamea (L.) mill. Balsam fir 
U.S. Forest Service :: USFS 
1990 
U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Forest Service 
Washington, DC 
Silvics of North America 
1 
26-47 
English 
Balsam fir (Abies balsamea) is one of the more important conifers in the northern United States and in Canada. Within its range it may also be referred to as balsam, Canadian balsam, eastern fir, and bracted balsam fir. It is a small to medium-sized tree used primarily for pulp and light frame construction, and it is one of the most popular Christmas trees. Wildlife rely extensively on this tree for food and shelter. 
Burns, RM; Honkala, BH 
Agriculture Handbook 654 
NAAQS
• ISA NOxSOxPM Ecology (2018)
     Cited in First Draft
          Chapter 14
     Cited in the Second Draft
          Appendix 14
• ISA NOxSOxPM Ecology (2020- Final Project Page)
     Cited
          Appendix 14