The Great Smoky Mountains are among the oldest mountains in the world and the highest in the Appalachian Mountain chain. These peaks and ridges have been both a daunting obstacle and a source of inspiration since the earliest people set foot in the area. Long before humans arrived, geologic processes, climatic shifts, weather, and fire shaped this environment, producing a dynamic ecosystem.
Great Smoky Mountains National Park reflects the interaction between humans and geology. The experience of the park begins with its geology—processes that established the foundation from which today’s environments, history, and scenery arise. Knowledge of the geologic resources is necessary for effective decisions about ecosystem management; research, inventory, and monitoring programs; interpretive needs; and construction and maintenance activities.
Geologic processes give rise to rock formations, mountains and valleys, waterfalls, and lakes. These processes develop a landscape that influences human use patterns. The geology attracted indigenous peoples and European settlers to the Great Smoky Mountains area for hunting, mining, settlement, agriculture, and industry. The geology of the park inspires wonder in visitors (over 9.3 million in 2007). Emphasis on geologic resources should be encouraged to enhance the visitor’s experience.
Great Smoky Mountains National Park also serves to preserve a piece of Appalachian history. Buildings, bridges, churches, schools, farms, mills, and fields reflect the rich historical tradition of the area. Some of the principal geologic issues and concerns pertain to protecting these features. Humans have significantly modified the landscape surrounding Great Smoky Mountains, and consequently have modified its geologic system. This system is dynamic and capable of noticeable change within a human life span. Park resource managers face continuing challenges as human-induced change combines with the park’s dynamic natural geological processes.
Air and water pollution and the introduction of nonnative species have also had a significant impact on the natural resources at Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Park visitors create further impacts that are only beginning to be measured and alleviated. Researchers are striving to better understand these impacts on the park’s ecosystem.