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HERO ID
3554414
Reference Type
Journal Article
Title
Understanding particles emitted from spray and wall-guided gasoline direct injection and flex fuel vehicles operating on ethanol and iso-butanol gasoline blends
Author(s)
Short, D; Vu, D; Chen, V; Espinoza, C; Berte, T; Karavalakis, G; Durbin, TD; Asa-Awuku, A
Year
2017
Is Peer Reviewed?
Yes
Journal
Aerosol Science and Technology
ISSN:
0278-6826
EISSN:
1521-7388
Volume
51
Issue
3
Page Numbers
330-341
Language
English
DOI
10.1080/02786826.2016.1265080
Web of Science Id
WOS:000394662000009
Relationship(s)
is supplemented by
3554428
Supplemental information:
Abstract
Traffic-related pollutants are an ever-growing concern. However, the composition of particle emissions from new vehicle technologies using relevant current and prospective fuel blends is not known. This study tested four current and up-and-coming vehicle technologies with nine fuel blends with various concentrations of ethanol and iso-butanol. Vehicles were driven on both the federal test procedure (FTP) and the unified cycle (UC). Additional tests were conducted under steady-state speed conditions. The vehicle technologies include spray-guided gasoline direct injection (SG-GDI), wall-guided gasoline direct injection (WG-GDI), port-fuel injection flex fuel vehicle (PFI-FFV), and a wall-guided GDI-FFV. The fuels consisted of 10–83% ethanol and 16–55% iso-butanol in gasoline. The composition of soot, water-insoluble mass (WIM), water-soluble organic mass, and water-insoluble organic mass (WIOM), and OM was measured. The majority of emissions over FTP and UC were water-insoluble (>70%), and WIOM contributes mostly to OM. PFIs have lower soot and particulate matter (PM) emissions in comparison to the WG-GDI technology even while increasing the renewable fuel content. SG-GDI technology, which has not penetrated the market, show promise as soot and PM emissions are comparable to PFI vehicles while preserving the GDI fuel economy benefits. The WIM fraction in GDI-FFV consistently increased with increasing ethanol concentration. Lastly, the impact of the future vehicle emissions and traffic pollutants is discussed. SG-GDI technology is found to be a promising sustainable technology to enhance fuel economy and also reduce PM, soot, and WIM emissions.
Tags
NAAQS
•
ISA-PM (2019)
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