US EPA

5024229 

Technical Report 

In Situ Treatment Train for Remediation of Perfluoroalkyl Contaminated Groundwater: In Situ Chemical Oxidation of Sorbed Contaminants (ISCO SC) 

Crimi, M; Holsen, T; Bellona, C; Divine, C; Dickenson, E 

2017 

The historical use of an aqueous film forming foam (AFFF) formulations containing per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) for firefighting and training activities at the Department of Defense (DoD) sites has led to concern over the potential for contamination of groundwater. Because PFAS have been detected at higher concentrations exceeding regulatory guidance, cost-effective in situ groundwater treatment approaches that consider their unique chemical properties (high solubility, surface-active behavior, recalcitrance, and presence as mixtures) are needed. The objective of this work was to develop a predictable and low cost in situ horizontal reactive media well treatment train (technically named in situ chemical oxidation of sorbed contaminants (ISCO-SC)) for remediating PFAS contaminated groundwater. This research evaluates the feasibility, effectiveness, and sustainability of ISCO-SC, where granular activated carbon (GAC) is used to sorb and concentrate PFAS and AFFF derived co-contaminants in situ, followed by contaminant destruction and GAC regeneration in situ using activated persulfideoxidation.