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6575736 
Journal Article 
Review 
Lethal and sublethal exposure ofHemichromis bimaculatus(Gill, 1862) to malachite green and possible implications for ornamental fish 
Paes Souza, AC; Melo, KM; Calandrini de Azevedo, LF; de Almada Vilhena, AO; Nagamachi, CY; Pieczarka, JC; , 
2020 
Yes 
Environmental Science and Pollution Research
ISSN: 0944-1344
EISSN: 1614-7499 
SPRINGER HEIDELBERG 
HEIDELBERG 
27 
26 
11 
English 
32529609 
WOS:000539819800003 
Malachite green (MG) is a triphenylmethane dye that is widely used in aquaculture as a fungicide, bactericide, ectoparasiticide, and antiprotozoal. There is great debate regarding the potential for this compound to trigger adverse effects. Here, we review the previous findings and then evaluate the lethal and sublethal effects of MG in the speciesHemichromis bimaculatus(jewelfish). The lethal concentration for 50% of the fish in 96 h was 1 mg/L. We observed a dose-dependent increase in the percentage of fish mortality as well as physical and behavioral changes. We further found that the highest tested sublethal dose significantly increased the DNA damage index identified using the comet assay (74.97 +/- 13.8 at a significant level ofP < 0.05 for the 0.75 mg/L concentration), but did not significantly alter the results of the micronucleus test. Although our results suggest that MG confers risks on exposed fish, the findings were significant only at the highest exposure concentration (0.75 mg/L). At lower concentrations (0.25 mg/L and 0.5 mg/L), no adverse effect was observed. The maximum MG concentration recommended for use in ornamental fish farming is 0.2 mg/L. Therefore, our results suggest that, specifically for the parameters analyzed in this work, MG does not have any adverse effect when users strictly adhere to the recommended concentration criteria for ornamental fish. 
Micronucleus; Comet assay; Lethal concentration; Mutagenicity; Genotoxicity; Jewelfish; leucomalachite green; micronucleus test; acute toxicity; ichthyophthirius-multifiliis; peripheral erythrocytes; oreochromis-niloticus; nuclear abnormalities; piscine micronucleus; hymenostomatida; mercury-chloride; Environmental Sciences & Ecology 
IRIS
• Inorganic Mercury Salts (2)
     Mercurous Chloride
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