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83965 
Journal Article 
Suppression of macrophage metabolite production by lead glutamate in vitro is reversed by meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) 
Chen, SP; Miller, TE; Golemboski, KA; Dietert, RR 
1997 
Yes 
In Vitro Toxicology
ISSN: 0888-319X 
10 
3 
351-358 
English 
WOS:A1997YF37900007 
The chicken macrophage cell line, HD11, was used to test the in vitro effects of lead on macrophage antimicrobial, antitumor metabolite production. After culturing HD11 cells in RPMI 1640 media with 5% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and different concentrations of lead glutamate for 18 hours under 5% CO sub(2), 39 degree C, it was found that 4.5- mu M and 2.25- mu M lead glutamate significantly suppressed superoxide anion and nitric oxide production, respectively, but did not affect cell viability. Superoxide anion and nitric oxide are two reactive intermediates produced by activated macrophage that play critical roles in host defense. The results suggest that lead is likely to intervene in macrophage metabolism, producing immunotoxic effects at concentrations below those required to produce overt cytotoxicity. Meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) is an oral chelation drug for lead poisoning in children and lead-exposure workers. However, little is known about potential DMSA-lead interactions relative to the immune system or specific immune cells. When lead-exposed HD11 cells were cocultured with different dosages of DMSA, normal levels of nitric oxide and superoxide were produced at 100- mu M and 200- mu M DMSA treatment group, respectively. These results show that in this in vitro system, DMSA can reverse the observed immunotoxic effect of lead on macrophages.