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3454923 
Journal Article 
Estimation of the daily soil/dust (SD) ingestion rate of children from Gansu Province, China via hand-to-mouth contact using tracer elements 
Ma, J; Pan, LB; Wang, Q; Lin, CY; Duan, XL; Hou, H 
2018 
Yes 
Environmental Geochemistry and Health
ISSN: 0269-4042
EISSN: 1573-2983 
40 
1 
295-301 
English 
27995354 
WOS:000424199900018 
A total of 60 children (31 males and 29 females) between the ages of 3 and 12 years were randomly selected from Lanzhou City in Gansu Province, northwest China. Hand (soil/dust) SD samples from these children were collected using hand wipes. We determined the approximate amounts of hand SD and the concentrations of three tracer soil elements (Ce, Y, and V) in these samples. The approximate amounts of hand SD ranged from 42.28 to 173.76 mg, with a median value of 85.42 mg. In addition, the mean amounts of hand SD estimated using the concentrations of Ce, Y, and V in the samples were 4.63, 3.43, and 3.42 mg, respectively. The amount of hand SD varied greatly among the age groups: primary school children had more hand SD than kindergarten children, males had more hand SD than females, and children from rural areas had more hand SD than those from urban areas. The rates of daily ingestion of hand SD for kindergarten and primary school children were estimated to be 7.73 and 6.61 mg/day, respectively. 
Children; SD ingestion; Hand-to-mouth contact; Tracer element; soil ingestion; surface-area; exposure; contamination; Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental &; Occupational Health; Water Resources