US EPA

5036160 

Journal Article 

Toxic Environment of war: Maternal prenatal heavy metal load predicts infant emotional development 

Vänskä, M; Diab, SY; Perko, K; Quota, SR; Albarqouni, NMA; Myöhänen, A; Punamäki, RL; Manduca, P 

2019 

Yes 

Infant Behavior and Development
ISSN: 0163-6383 

Elsevier 

55 

Elsevier 

1-9 

English 

30818136 

10.1016/j.infbeh.2019.01.002 

WOS:000468259500001 

https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0163638318300845
Exit
 

BACKGROUND: People in war zones are exposed to heavy metal contamination deriving from new-generation weapons, in addition to exposure to psychologically traumatizing war events. Pregnant women and their children-to-be are particularly vulnerable to both biological and psychological war effects.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the current study was to analyse the impact of maternal prenatal heavy metal contamination on infant emotional development and to examine the potential moderating role of maternal symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the association between heavy metal load and infant emotional development.

METHODS: The participants were 502 Palestinian mothers, pregnant in their first trimester during the 2014 War on Gaza. The mothers were recruited at their delivery (T1) and followed at the infants' age of 6-7 months (T2; N = 392). The load of five weapon-related heavy metals (chromium, mercury, vanadium, strontium, and uranium) was analysed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP/MS) from mothers' hair samples at childbirth (T1). Assessment of maternal PTSD symptoms was based on the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ) and infant emotional development on the Infant Behavior Questionnaire (IBQ), both reported by mothers (T2).

RESULTS: Two of the analysed metals, chromium and uranium, adversely predicted children's early emotional development, indicated by decreased positive affectivity, increased negative emotionality, and problems in early orientation and regulation. Mother's PTSD did not moderate the impact of heavy metal contamination on children's emotional development.

CONCLUSIONS: Adverse impact of war is not limited to those who experience it directly, but is passed on to future generations through multiple mechanisms. International organizations are obliged to protect parents and infants from the modern weaponry in wars.