US EPA

180303 

Journal Article 

Energy requirements of carbon nanoparticle production 

Kushnir, D; Sandén, BA 

2008 

Yes 

Journal of Industrial Ecology
ISSN: 1088-1980
EISSN: 1530-9290 

12 

3 

360-375 

English 

10.1111/j.1530-9290.2008.00057.x 

WOS:000259525200013 

http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1530-9290.2008.00057.x
Exit
 

Energy requirements for fullerene and nanotube synthesis are calculated from literature data and presented for a number of important production processes, including fluidized bed and floating catalyst chemical vapor deposition (CVD), carbon monoxide disproportionation, pyrolysis, laser ablation, and electric arc and solar furnace synthesis. To produce data for strategic forward-looking assessments of the environmental implications of carbon nanoparticles, an attempt is made to balance generality with sufficient detail for individual processes, a trade-off that will likely be inherent in the analysis of many nanotechnologies. Critical energy and production issues are identified, and potential improvements in industrial-scale processes are discussed. Possible interactions with industrial ecosystems are discussed with a view toward integrating synthesis to mitigate the impacts of large-scale carbon nanoparticle manufacture. Carbon nanoparticles are found to be highly energy-intensive materials, on the order of 2 to 100 times more energy-intensive than aluminum, even with idealized production models. 

energy analysis; fullerene; industrial ecology; life cycle assessment (LCA); nanotube; synthesis