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HERO ID
5540505
Reference Type
Journal Article
Title
Determinants of phthalate exposure and risk assessment in children from Poland
Author(s)
Garí, M; Koch, HM; Pälmke, C; Jankowska, A; Wesołowska, E; Hanke, W; Nowak, D; Bose-O'Reilly, S; Polańska, K
Year
2019
Is Peer Reviewed?
Yes
Journal
Environment International
ISSN:
0160-4120
EISSN:
1873-6750
Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
Location
OXFORD
Volume
127
Page Numbers
742-753
Language
English
PMID
31003057
DOI
10.1016/j.envint.2019.04.011
Web of Science Id
WOS:000467383500072
URL
http://
://CCC:000467383500072
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Abstract
Phthalates are a group of widely used chemicals and humans are exposed to them in their daily life. Some phthalates may affect the hormonal balance in both children and adults. The aim of this study was to assess the phthalate exposure and its determinants among children at age of 7 years from the Polish Mother and Child Cohort Study (REPRO_PL). 250 urine samples collected in 2014-2015 were analysed for 21 metabolites of 11 parent phthalates using on-line high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). This represents the most extensive set of phthalate metabolites ever determined for Poland. Ten metabolites were quantifiable in 100% of the samples, another eight in >90%. The highest median concentrations were found for the primary monoester metabolites of di-iso-butyl (MiBP, 72.4 μg/l), di-n-butyl (MnBP, 56.3 μg/l) and diethyl (MEP, 42.0 μg/l) phthalate, followed by the sum of di-2-ethylhexyl (ΣDEHP, 89.3 μg/l) and di-iso-nonyl (ΣDiNP, 21.9 μg/l) phthalate metabolites. Metabolite concentrations were higher in children at 7 years than in the same children at age 2 or in their mothers during pregnancy. Generally, phthalate exposures in this study were much higher than exposures reported in other European populations. Multivariate regression models showed that body mass index, place of residence, breastfeeding duration, socio-economic status and parental education were associated with the metabolite levels in the 7-year old children. Daily intake and hazard index calculations revealed that a small percentage of children (around 3-10%) exceeded the tolerable daily intakes established by international institutions such as EFSA and U.S. EPA indicating that these children might be at risk of anti-androgenic effects from the individual and cumulative exposure to phthalates. Thus, further monitoring of this population, by educational programs and follow-up interventions, is required.
Keywords
Birth cohort; Children; Daily intake; Hazard risk; Phthalate metabolites; Poland
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Diethyl phthalate (DEP)
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