Journal Article
Concentrations, distribution, and persistence of perfluoroalkylates in sludge-applied soils near Decatur, Alabama, USA
Washington, JW; Yoo, H; Ellington, JJ; Jenkins, TM; Libelo, EL
Environmental Science & Technology
ISSN: 0013-936X
EISSN: 1520-5851
Environmental Science & Technology
Sludges generated at a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Decatur, Alabama have been applied to agricultural fields for more than a decade. Waste-stream sources to this WWTP during this period included industries that work with fluorotelomer compounds, and sludges from this facility have been found to be elevated in perfluoroalkylates (PFAs). With this knowledge, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency collected soil samples from sludge-applied fields as well as nearby "background" fields for PFA analysis. Samples from the sludge-applied fields had PFAs at much higher concentrations than in the background fields; generally the highest concentrations were perfluorodecanoic acid (≤ 990 ng/g), perfluorododecanoic acid (≤ 530 ng/g), perfluorooctanoic acid (≤ 320 ng/g), and perfluorooctane sulfonate (≤ 410 ng/g). Contrasts in PFA concentration between surface and deeper soil samples tended to be more pronounced in long-chain congeners than shorter chains, perhaps reflecting relatively lower environmental mobilities for longer chains. Several PFAs were correlated with secondary fluorotelomer alcohols (sec-FTOHs) suggesting that PFAs are being formed by degradation of sec-FTOHs. Calculated PFA disappearance half-lives for C6 through C11 alkylates ranged from about 1 to 3 years and increase with increasing chain-length, again perhaps reflecting lower mobility of the longer-chained compounds.
Caprylates; Decanoic Acids; Fluorocarbons; Lauric Acids; Soil Pollutants; perfluorodecanoic acid; 335-76-2; perfluorooctanoic acid; 947VD76D3L; perfluorododecanoic acid; P6G1J7NM2D; Index Medicus; Caprylates -- chemistry; Decanoic Acids -- analysis; Models, Chemical; Soil -- chemistry; Decanoic Acids -- chemistry; Half-Life; Agriculture; Lauric Acids -- analysis; Alabama; Caprylates -- analysis; Alkylation; Lauric Acids -- chemistry; Environmental Monitoring; Soil Pollutants -- chemistry; Soil Pollutants -- analysis; Sewage -- chemistry; Waste Disposal, Fluid; Fluorocarbons -- analysis; Fluorocarbons -- chemistry
