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Citation
Tags
HERO ID
4771045
Reference Type
Journal Article
Title
Sono-chemical treatment of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl compounds in aqueous film-forming foams by use of a large-scale multi-transducer dual-frequency based acoustic reactor
Author(s)
Gole, VL; Sierra-Alvarez, R; Peng, H; Giesy, JP; Deymier, P; Keswani, M
Year
2018
Is Peer Reviewed?
1
Journal
Ultrasonics Sonochemistry
ISSN:
1350-4177
EISSN:
1873-2828
Volume
45
Page Numbers
213-222
Language
English
PMID
29705315
DOI
10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.02.014
Web of Science Id
WOS:000432506900022
Relationship(s)
is supplemented by
11367823
: Supplementary information
Abstract
Aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs) contain a mixture of organic chemicals, including per- and poly-fluorinated, alkyl sulfonate substances (PFAS) (1-5%, w/w). Some longer-chain PFAS can be toxic, moderately bioaccumulative and persistent in the environment. In the present work, decomposition of PFAS present in two commercially available AFFFs (ANSUL- and 3M-) was investigated using a sono-chemical reactor of volume 91 L. The reactor consists of 12 transducers with operating frequencies of 1 MHz or 500 kHz and total input power of 12 kW. Degradation of PFASs performed using various dilutions of AFFF revealed that release of F- and SO4-2 ions was inversely proportional to initial pH of up to 4. Defluorination of ANSUL-AFFF resulted in an increase in the concentration of F- released from 55.6 ± 0.3 µM (500× dilution) to 58.6 ± 0.6 (25× dilution), while for 3M AFFF it increased from 19.9 ± 0.7 µM (500× dilution) to 217.1 ± 2.4 µM (25× dilution). Though amounts of F- released were less for ANSUL-AFFF than for 3M-AFFF, there was a considerable increase in removal of TOC and release of SO4-2 present in ANSUL-AFFF. Approximately 90.5% and 26.6% reduction of perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFSA) and perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCA) in 3M, respectively, and 38.4% reduction of fluorotelomer sulfonates in ANSUL-AFFF were achieved in 13 h. Estimated costs of energy for the treatment of ANSUL-AFFF and 3M-AFFF at a 500× dilution were $0.015 ± 0.0001/L and $0.019 ± 0.0002/L, respectively.
Keywords
AFFF; Sono-chemical reactor; Cavitational activity
Tags
PFAS
•
Expanded PFAS SEM (formerly PFAS 430)
Perfluorooctane
•
^Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)
•
PFBA
Protocol References
•
PFOA (335-67-1) and PFOS (1763-23-1)
Literature Search Update (2013-2019)
WOS
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