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HERO ID
3469303
Reference Type
Journal Article
Title
Long-term exposure assessment to phthalates: How do nail analyses compare to commonly used measurements in urine
Author(s)
Alves, A; Koppen, G; Vanermen, G; Covaci, A; Voorspoels, S
Year
2016
Is Peer Reviewed?
Yes
Journal
Journal of Chromatography B: Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences
ISSN:
1570-0232
EISSN:
1873-376X
Volume
1036-1037
Issue
Elsevier
Page Numbers
124-135
Language
English
PMID
27750193
DOI
10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.09.039
Web of Science Id
WOS:000387193800014
URL
http://
://WOS:000387193800014
Exit
Relationship(s)
is supplemented by
3798395
Supplementary information:
Abstract
Phthalate esters (PEs) are easily metabolized and commonly excreted via urine within 24h, therefore their bioaccumulation potential is thought to be rather low. In the present study, we developed a sample preparation combined with a new microextraction method to measure seven PE metabolites in nails. The use of whole nails did not result in significantly different levels compared to powdered nails, which makes the method very fast and user friendly. The method was validated using whole nails showing good accuracy, satisfactory precision and low limits of quantification (2-14ng/g). Although method development was the primary aim of the study, the method was also applied to real samples. PEs were measured in nails of 9 individuals collected at 2 distinct time points (15 days apart) and compared to levels in the respective urine samples (daily morning sample for 15 days). Additionally two volunteers have collected two more urine spots (afternoon and evening) per day. Major metabolites in nails were mono (ethyl hexyl) phthalate (MEHP), monoethyl phthalate (MEP) and sum of mono-n-butyl and mono-isobutyl phthalate (Σ(MnBP, MiBP)) while MEP and Σ(MnBP, MiBP) were the major ones identified in urine. In urine, first void morning urine reflected higher total excretion (sum of PEs of 7.0μg/g creatinine) for all individuals than the afternoon/evening voids. Participants also filled a questionnaire regarding their life-style. The use of hand care products and consumption of pre-packed food was associated with di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) oxidative metabolites, while the use of medical devices with butylbenzyl phthalate (BBzP) exposure. Although the metabolism (rate) and other factors that influence the transfer of the analytes from blood or other body compartments into nails needs further investigation, nails can be used to assess exposure to PEs. From our knowledge, urine reflects the excretion of PEs on 'daily basis' while nails show less fluctuation and more stable levels.
Keywords
Exposure; Human biomonitoring; Phthalate metabolites; Predictors; Urine spots; article; bioaccumulation; chromatography; chronic exposure; creatinine; excretion; exposure assessment; lifestyle; medical equipment; metabolism; metabolites; microextraction; phthalates; questionnaires
Tags
IRIS
•
BBP (Butyl benzyl phthalate)
Literature Search
Literature Search: July 2016 - January 2017
PubMed
WOS
Excluded: No Primary Data on Health Effects
Exposure levels
•
Diethyl phthalate (DEP)
Database searches
Jan 2020 update
PubMed
Web of Science
New for this project
Excluded: No Primary Data on Health Effects
Measurement methods
•
Diisobutyl Phthalate (DIBP) Final
Database Searches
January 2017 Update
New for this search
Pubmed
Web of Science
July 2017 Update
No Primary Data on Toxic Effects
Measurement methods
Exposure levels
•
Phthalates – Targeted Search for Epidemiological Studies
Source – all searches
Pubmed
WOS
Excluded
Source - Dec 2016 Update (Private)
Pubmed
WOS
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